3D matrix invasion assays allow scientists to visualize and study this complex process. This typically involves degradative molecules known as matrix metalloproteases or MMPs, which accumulate in the invadopodia and degrade the surrounding ECM, facilitating cell invasion. This leads to the formation of specialized structures called invadopodia, which are protrusions of the cell into its surrounding matrix. These link the ECM to the cell’s internal scaffold, known as the cytoskeleton.Īnother process is the structural rearrangement of the cell’s cytoskeleton. The first is cell-matrix adhesion, which involves transmembrane proteins called integrins. Several biological processes need to occur for cells to migrate through the ECM. The interstitial matrix is mostly composed of the fibrous protein collagen, but also includes elastin and fibronectin. The basement membrane serves to anchor and separate tissues, while interstitial matrix surrounds and supports the cells within a tissue. ECM composition varies among different tissues and has different biological properties, but it can be classified into two broad types. The ECM performs many functions, such as providing support for cells, facilitating intercellular communication, and separating tissues. Let’s begin by examining the composition of the ECM, and how cells interact with it.
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